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PRC Civil Code Part VI: Inheritance
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Chapter 1 General Provisions第一章 总则
Article 1121 Inheritance begins at the death of a decedent.Where several persons who have inherited each other die in the same event and it is difficult to determine their time of death, it shall be presumed that the person without any other inheritor dies first. Where they all have other inheritors and are of different generations, the elder shall be presumed to die first; if they are of the same generation, they shall be presumed to die at the same time, and no inheritance shall occur to each other.第一千一百二十一条 继承从被继承人死亡时开始。相互有继承关系的数人在同一事件中死亡，难以确定死亡时间的，推定没有其他继承人的人先死亡。都有其他继承人，辈份不同的，推定长辈先死亡；辈份相同的，推定同时死亡，相互不发生继承。
Article 1122 The estate refers to the lawful movables left over by a natural person upon his death.Any estate whose inheritance is prohibited by law or by its nature shall not be inherited.第一千一百二十二条 遗产是自然人死亡时遗留的个人合法财产。依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得继承的遗产，不得继承。
Article 1123 After inheritance has commenced, statutory inheritance shall apply; where there is a will, testate inheritance or legacy shall prevail; if there is a legacy-support agreement, such agreement shall govern.第一千一百二十三条 继承开始后，按照法定继承办理；有遗嘱的，按照遗嘱继承或者遗赠办理；有遗赠扶养协议的，按照协议办理。
Article 1124 Where, after the commencement of inheritance, an inheritor renounces the inheritance, he or she shall, before the disposition of the estate, make a written declaration of renunciation of inheritance; in the absence of such an expression, the inheritor shall be deemed as acceptance of inheritance.A legatee shall, within 60 days after becoming aware of the legacy, manifest his/her intent to accept or disclaims it; in the absence of such manifestation within the specified period of time, he is deemed to have disclaimed the legacy.第一千一百二十四条 继承开始后，继承人放弃继承的，应当在遗产处理前，以书面形式作出放弃继承的表示；没有表示的，视为接受继承。受遗赠人应当在知道受遗赠后六十日内，作出接受或者放弃受遗赠的表示；到期没有表示的，视为放弃受遗赠。
Article 1125 An inheritor who commits any of the following acts shall be disinherited:(I) Intentionally killing the decedent;(II) Killing any other inheritors in fighting over the estate;(III) Abandoning, or maltreating the decedent with serious circumstances;(IV) Forging, tampering with, concealing or destroying the will with serious circumstances; or(V) Compelling or obstructing the decedent's making, alteration or withdrawal of a will by fraud or coercion where the circumstances are serious.In the event that an inheritor who commits any act specified in Items (III) to (V) of the preceding paragraph shows true repentance, if the decedent expresses forgiveness or lists the inheritor as an inheritor in his or her will afterwards, such inheritor shall not lose the right of inheritance.A legatee who commits any act specified in the first paragraph of this Article shall lose the right to legacy.第一千一百二十五条 继承人有下列行为之一的，丧失继承权：（一）故意杀害被继承人；（二）为争夺遗产而杀害其他继承人；（三）遗弃被继承人，或者虐待被继承人情节严重；（四）伪造、篡改、隐匿或者销毁遗嘱，情节严重；（五）以欺诈、胁迫手段迫使或者妨碍被继承人设立、变更或者撤回遗嘱，情节严重。继承人有前款第三项至第五项行为，确有悔改表现，被继承人表示宽恕或者事后在遗嘱中将其列为继承人的，该继承人不丧失继承权。受遗赠人有本条第一款规定行为的，丧失受遗赠权。
Article 1126 Men and women are equal in their right to inheritance.第一千一百二十六条 继承权男女平等。
Article 1127 Estate shall be inherited in the following order of priority:(I) First in order: spouse, children and Parents; and(II) Second in order: brothers and sisters, paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents.When inheritance commences, the inheritor (s) first in order shall inherit to the exclusion of the inheritor (s) second in order; in the absence of any inheritor first in order, the inheritor (s) second in order shall inherit.For the purposes of this Part, "children" shall include children born in wedlock, children born out of wedlock, adopted children and stepchildren in a maintenance relationship.For the purposes of this Part, "Parents" include biological Parents, adoptive Parents and stepParents having a maintenance relationship."Brothers and sisters" as mentioned in this Part include brothers and sisters with the same Parents, half brothers and sisters, adopted brothers and sisters, as well as step-brothers and step-sisters in a maintenance relationship.第一千一百二十七条 遗产按照下列顺序继承：（一）第一顺序：配偶、子女、父母；（二）第二顺序：兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母。继承开始后，由第一顺序继承人继承，第二顺序继承人不继承；没有第一顺序继承人继承的，由第二顺序继承人继承。本编所称子女，包括婚生子女、非婚生子女、养子女和有扶养关系的继子女。本编所称父母，包括生父母、养父母和有扶养关系的继父母。本编所称兄弟姐妹，包括同父母的兄弟姐妹、同父异母或者同母异父的兄弟姐妹、养兄弟姐妹、有扶养关系的继兄弟姐妹。
Article 1128 Where a decedent survives any of his child, the direct lineal descendants of the decedent's child shall inherit in subrogation.Where a decedent's brother or sister dies before the decedent, the child of the decedent's brother or sister shall inherit in subrogation.Descendants who inherit in subrogation generally shall take only the share of the estate to which the subrogated inheritor is entitled.第一千一百二十八条 被继承人的子女先于被继承人死亡的，由被继承人的子女的直系晚辈血亲代位继承。被继承人的兄弟姐妹先于被继承人死亡的，由被继承人的兄弟姐妹的子女代位继承。代位继承人一般只能继承被代位继承人有权继承的遗产份额。
Article 1129 Widowed daughters-in-law or sons-in-law who have made the predominant contributions in supporting their Parents-in-law shall, in relation to their Parents-in-law, be regarded as inheritors first in order.第一千一百二十九条 丧偶儿媳对公婆，丧偶女婿对岳父母，尽了主要赡养义务的，作为第一顺序继承人。
Article 1130 Inheritors in the same order shall, in general, inherit in equal shares.At the time an estate is distributed, due consideration shall be given to inheritors who face special financial difficulties and are unable to work.At the time an estate is distributed, inheritors who have made the predominant contribution in supporting the decedent or have lived with the decedent may be given a larger share.At the time an estate is distributed, inheritors who have the ability and are in a position to support the decedent but fail to fulfill their duties shall be given no share or a smaller share of the estate.Inheritors may take unequal shares if an agreement to that effect is reached among them.第一千一百三十条 同一顺序继承人继承遗产的份额，一般应当均等。对生活有特殊困难又缺乏劳动能力的继承人，分配遗产时，应当予以照顾。对被继承人尽了主要扶养义务或者与被继承人共同生活的继承人，分配遗产时，可以多分。有扶养能力和有扶养条件的继承人，不尽扶养义务的，分配遗产时，应当不分或者少分。继承人协商同意的，也可以不均等。
Article 1131 An appropriate share of the estate may be given to a person, other than an inheritor, who depends on the support of the decedent, or to a person, other than an inheritor, who is largely responsible for supporting the decedent.第一千一百三十一条 对继承人以外的依靠被继承人扶养的人，或者继承人以外的对被继承人扶养较多的人，可以分给适当的遗产。
Article 1132 Any inheritance issue shall be dealt with through consultation by and among inheritors in the spirit of mutual understanding, mutual accommodation, amity and unity. The timing of and method for partitioning an estate and the shares involved in the partitioning shall be decided by the inheritors through consultation; if consultation fails, such issue may be subject to the mediation by the people's mediation committee, or a lawsuit may be filed with a people's court.第一千一百三十二条 继承人应当本着互谅互让、和睦团结的精神，协商处理继承问题。遗产分割的时间、办法和份额，由继承人协商确定；协商不成的，可以由人民调解委员会调解或者向人民法院提起诉讼。
Chapter 3 Testate Inheritance and Legacy第三章 遗嘱继承和遗赠
Article 1133 A natural person may, by means of a will made in accordance with the provisions of this Code, dispose of his movables and appoint an executor for that purpose.A natural person may, in making a will, designate one or more of the statutory inheritors to inherit his movables.A natural person may, by making a will, donate his movables to the State or a collective, or to an organization or individual other than his statutory inheritors.A natural person may establish testamentary trusts in accordance with the law.第一千一百三十三条 自然人可以依照本法规定立遗嘱处分个人财产，并可以指定遗嘱执行人。自然人可以立遗嘱将个人财产指定由法定继承人中的一人或者数人继承。自然人可以立遗嘱将个人财产赠与国家、集体或者法定继承人以外的组织、个人。自然人可以依法设立遗嘱信托。
Article 1134 A testator-written will is one made in the testator's own handwriting and signed by him, specifying the date on which it is made.第一千一百三十四条 自书遗嘱由遗嘱人亲笔书写，签名，注明年、月、日。
Article 1136 Two or more witnesses shall be present at the scene when a will is printed. The testator and the witnesses shall sign on each page of the will, specifying the date.第一千一百三十六条 打印遗嘱应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。遗嘱人和见证人应当在遗嘱每一页签名，注明年、月、日。
Article 1137 A will made in the form of an audio or video recording shall be witnessed by two or more witnesses. The testator and witnesses shall record their names or portraits, and the date in the audio or video recording.第一千一百三十七条 以录音录像形式立的遗嘱，应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。遗嘱人和见证人应当在录音录像中记录其姓名或者肖像，以及年、月、日。
Article 1138 A testator may, in an emergency situation, make a nuncupative will. A will that is made orally shall be witnessed by two or more witnesses. When the emergency situation no longer exists and the testator is able to make a will in writing or in the form of an audio or video recording, the nuncupative will he has made shall become null and void.第一千一百三十八条 遗嘱人在危急情况下，可以立口头遗嘱。口头遗嘱应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。危急情况消除后，遗嘱人能够以书面或者录音录像形式立遗嘱的，所立的口头遗嘱无效。
Article 1139 A notarial will is one made by a testator through a notary agency.第一千一百三十九条 公证遗嘱由遗嘱人经公证机构办理。
Article 1140 None of the following persons shall act as a witness to a will:(I) Persons having no capacity for civil conduct, persons having limited capacity for civil conduct and other persons having no witness capacity;(II) Inheritors and legatees; and(III) Persons having an interest in the inheritors or legatees.第一千一百四十条 下列人员不能作为遗嘱见证人：（一）无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人以及其他不具有见证能力的人；（二）继承人、受遗赠人；（三）与继承人、受遗赠人有利害关系的人。
Article 1141 Reservation of a necessary portion of an estate shall be made in a will for an inheritor who neither can work nor has a source of income.第一千一百四十一条 遗嘱应当为缺乏劳动能力又没有生活来源的继承人保留必要的遗产份额。
Article 1142 A testator may withdraw or alter a will he or she has previously made.Where the testator performs the civil juristic acts that are contrary to the contents of the will after the will is made, it shall be deemed as withdrawal of relevant contents of the will.Where several wills have been made and their contents contradict each other, the last one shall prevail.第一千一百四十二条 遗嘱人可以撤回、变更自己所立的遗嘱。立遗嘱后，遗嘱人实施与遗嘱内容相反的民事法律行为的，视为对遗嘱相关内容的撤回。立有数份遗嘱，内容相抵触的，以最后的遗嘱为准。
Article 1143 A will made by a person with no capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be null and void.A will shall manifest the genuine intention of the testator; a will made by fraud or under duress shall be void.A forged will is null and void.Where a will has been tampered with, the affected parts of it shall be void.第一千一百四十三条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人所立的遗嘱无效。遗嘱必须表示遗嘱人的真实意思，受欺诈、胁迫所立的遗嘱无效。伪造的遗嘱无效。遗嘱被篡改的，篡改的内容无效。
Article 1144 Where there are obligations attached to testate inheritance or legacy, the inheritor or legatee shall perform such obligations. Where any party fails to perform his obligations without any justified reason, the people's court may, upon request by the interested party or relevant organization, cancel his right to accept a part of the estate subject to collateral obligations.第一千一百四十四条 遗嘱继承或者遗赠附有义务的，继承人或者受遗赠人应当履行义务。没有正当理由不履行义务的，经利害关系人或者有关组织请求，人民法院可以取消其接受附义务部分遗产的权利。
Chapter 4 Disposition of the Estate第四章 遗产的处理
Article 1145 After the commencement of inheritance, an executor shall be the estate administrator; where there is no executor, inheritors shall promptly elect an estate administrator; where inheritors fail to elect an estate administrator, such inheritors shall jointly act as the estate administrator; if there is no inheritor or the inheritors have abandoned the inheritance, the authority of civil affairs or the Villagers' Committee of the place where the decedent has domiciled before his death shall act as the estate administrator.第一千一百四十五条 继承开始后，遗嘱执行人为遗产管理人；没有遗嘱执行人的，继承人应当及时推选遗产管理人；继承人未推选的，由继承人共同担任遗产管理人；没有继承人或者继承人均放弃继承的，由被继承人生前住所地的民政部门或者村民委员会担任遗产管理人。
Article 1146 Where there is any dispute over the determination of the estate administrator, any interested party may apply to the People's Court for the appointment of the estate administrator.第一千一百四十六条 对遗产管理人的确定有争议的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请指定遗产管理人。
Article 1147 An estate administrator shall perform the following duties and responsibilities:(I) Clearing the estate and preparing a list of the estate;(II) Reporting the situation of the estate to the inheritors;(III) Taking necessary measures to prevent damage or loss of the estate;(IV) Dealing with the credits and debts of the decedent;(V) Partitioning the estate according to the will or the provisions of the law; and(VI) Performing other acts necessary for the administration of the estate.第一千一百四十七条 遗产管理人应当履行下列职责：（一）清理遗产并制作遗产清单；（二）向继承人报告遗产情况；（三）采取必要措施防止遗产毁损、灭失；（四）处理被继承人的债权债务；（五）按照遗嘱或者依照法律规定分割遗产；（六）实施与管理遗产有关的其他必要行为。
Article 1148 An estate administrator shall perform its duties in accordance with the law and shall bear civil liability for any damage caused to inheritors, legatees or creditors either intentionally or by gross negligence.第一千一百四十八条 遗产管理人应当依法履行职责，因故意或者重大过失造成继承人、受遗赠人、债权人损害的，应当承担民事责任。
Article 1149 An estate administrator may receive remuneration in accordance with legal provisions or as agreed.第一千一百四十九条 遗产管理人可以依照法律规定或者按照约定获得报酬。
Article 1150 After the commencement of inheritance, an inheritor who has knowledge of the death of the decedent shall promptly notify other inheritors and the executor. If none of the inheritors knows about the death or if they know about the decedent's death but are unable to notify, the employer of the decedent before his death or the Neighborhood Committees or Villagers' Committee at his place of residence shall be responsible for notification.第一千一百五十条 继承开始后，知道被继承人死亡的继承人应当及时通知其他继承人和遗嘱执行人。继承人中无人知道被继承人死亡或者知道被继承人死亡而不能通知的，由被继承人生前所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会负责通知。
Article 1151 Any person who has in his possession any estate of the decedent shall take good care of such estate and no organization or individual shall misappropriate or contend for it.第一千一百五十一条 存有遗产的人，应当妥善保管遗产，任何组织或者个人不得侵吞或者争抢。
Article 1152 Where, after inheritance begins, an inheritor dies before the partition of the estate and does not relinquish the inheritance, the estate which shall have been inherited by such inheritor shall be passed on to his or her inheritor, unless the will provides otherwise.第一千一百五十二条 继承开始后，继承人于遗产分割前死亡，并没有放弃继承的，该继承人应当继承的遗产转给其继承人，但是遗嘱另有安排的除外。
Article 1153 At the time a decedent's estate is partitioned, half of the joint property owned in common by the spouse shall, unless otherwise agreed upon, be first allotted to the surviving spouse as his or her own property; the remainder shall constitute the decedent's estate.If the decedent's estate forms part of the common property of his family, that portion of the property belonging to the other members of his family shall first be separated at the time of the partitioning of the decedent's estate.第一千一百五十三条 夫妻共同所有的财产，除有约定的外，遗产分割时，应当先将共同所有的财产的一半分出为配偶所有，其余的为被继承人的遗产。遗产在家庭共有财产之中的，遗产分割时，应当先分出他人的财产。
Article 1154 Under any of the following circumstances, the relevant part of the estate shall be subject to statutory inheritance:(I) Where a testate inheritor disclaims inheritance, or a legatee disclaims legacy;(II) Where a testate inheritor has lost the right of inheritance or a legatee has lost the right to legacy;(III) Where a testate inheritor or legatee dies or terminates before the testator;(IV) Estate involved in the invalid part of a will; or(V) Estate not disposed of under the will.第一千一百五十四条 有下列情形之一的，遗产中的有关部分按照法定继承办理：（一）遗嘱继承人放弃继承或者受遗赠人放弃受遗赠；（二）遗嘱继承人丧失继承权或者受遗赠人丧失受遗赠权；（三）遗嘱继承人、受遗赠人先于遗嘱人死亡或者终止；（四）遗嘱无效部分所涉及的遗产；（五）遗嘱未处分的遗产。
Article 1155 At the time an estate is partitioned, reservation shall be made for the share of any unborn child. If the baby is born dead, the share reserved shall be subject to statutory inheritance.第一千一百五十五条 遗产分割时，应当保留胎儿的继承份额。胎儿娩出时是死体的，保留的份额按照法定继承办理。
Article 1156 The partitioning of a decedent's estate shall be conducted in a manner beneficial to the requirements of production and livelihood; it shall not diminish the usefulness of the estate.Where the estate is unsuitable for partitioning, it may be disposed of by such means as price evaluation, appropriate compensation or co-ownership.第一千一百五十六条 遗产分割应当有利于生产和生活需要，不损害遗产的效用。不宜分割的遗产，可以采取折价、适当补偿或者共有等方法处理。
Article 1157 Any surviving spouse who remarries shall be entitled to dispose of the property he or she has inherited; no organization or individual may interfere with such right.第一千一百五十七条 夫妻一方死亡后另一方再婚的，有权处分所继承的财产，任何组织或者个人不得干涉。
Article 1158 A natural person may enter into a legacy-support agreement with an organization or individual other than an inheritor. In accordance with the agreement, such organization or individual shall assume the obligation of support and funeral of the natural person and enjoy the right to legacy.第一千一百五十八条 自然人可以与继承人以外的组织或者个人签订遗赠扶养协议。按照协议，该组织或者个人承担该自然人生养死葬的义务，享有受遗赠的权利。
Article 1159 All taxes and debts payable by a decedent according to law shall be paid off when the estate is partitioned; however, the estate shall be reserved for any inheritor who neither can work nor has a source of income.第一千一百五十九条 分割遗产，应当清偿被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务；但是，应当为缺乏劳动能力又没有生活来源的继承人保留必要的遗产。
Article 1160 Any estate which is left with neither an inheritor nor a legatee shall be owned by the State and used for public welfare undertakings; where the decedent was a member of an organization under collective ownership before his death, such estate shall be owned by such organization.第一千一百六十条 无人继承又无人受遗赠的遗产，归国家所有，用于公益事业；死者生前是集体所有制组织成员的，归所在集体所有制组织所有。
Article 1161 An inheritor shall pay off the taxes and debts payable by the decedent according to law within the limit of the actual value of the estate obtained. Any amount in excess of the actual value of the estate may be paid by the inheritor voluntarily.The inheritor who disclaims inheritance is not liable for the settlement of taxes and debts payable by the decedent according to law.第一千一百六十一条 继承人以所得遗产实际价值为限清偿被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务。超过遗产实际价值部分，继承人自愿偿还的不在此限。继承人放弃继承的，对被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务可以不负清偿责任。
Article 1162 The execution of a legacy shall not affect the payment of taxes and debts payable by the legator according to law.第一千一百六十二条 执行遗赠不得妨碍清偿遗赠人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务。
Article 1163 Where there are both statutory inheritance and testate inheritance or legacy, the statutory inheritor shall pay off the taxes and debts payable by the decedent according to law; the portion in excess of the actual value of the legally inherited estate shall be paid off by the testate inheritor and the legatee pro rata with the estate acquired.第一千一百六十三条 既有法定继承又有遗嘱继承、遗赠的，由法定继承人清偿被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务；超过法定继承遗产实际价值部分，由遗嘱继承人和受遗赠人按比例以所得遗产清偿。
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